Where to buy systemic insecticide

Merit 0. A professional granular insecticide for insects in commercial and residential turf-grass and ornamental landscaping. Orthene PCO Pellets. A professional insecticide with Merit 75 WSP. A professional water soluble systemic insecticide in 4 packets that control insects for lawns and ornamental shrubs and trees.

A professional systemic insecticide and fertilizer to control insects and health for landscape and container trees and shrubs in a tablet form.

A professional water soluble systemic insecticide that controls insects on ornamental plants, trees and turfgrass. Zylam Liquid Systemic Insecticide. ImidaPro 2SC. A professional systemic insecticide for insect control in turf-grass including sod farms , landscape ornamentals, fruit and nut trees and interior plantscapes.

Such data was disputed [ 89 , ] as it was in conflict with some long-term field observations of honey bees feeding on sunflowers grown from imidacloprid-treated seeds at 0. However, recent evidence suggest that chronic lethality by imidacloprid is implicated in the colony collapse disorder CCD that affects honey bees [ ].

Negative impacts of neonicotinoids on non-target soil arthropods are well documented. The same level of impact was observed with single applications of clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, so the intended pest control at the time of beetle oviposition runs into conflict with unintended effects — disruption of egg predation by non-target predators [ ].

Small amounts of soil residues that moved into the surrounding pasture affected also some species; however, non-target ground arthropods both inside and outside the crop showed significant impacts only in the two weeks after planting [ ], probably due to compensatory immigration from nearby grounds.

Foliar applications of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid on soybean crops are preferred to seed treatments, as neonicotinoids appear to have lesser impacts on non-target communities than pyrethroids [ ]. However, a foliar application of thiacloprid 0. Clothianidin, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were as damaging to cotton crop predators as other broad-spectrum insecticides and cartap [ ]. All neonicotinoids are lethal to the predatory mirid Pilophorus typicus , a biological control agent against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci , since their residual activity can last for 35 days on the treated plants [ ].

The ladybug Serangium japonicum , also a predator of the whitefly, is killed in large numbers when exposed to residues of imidacloprid on cotton leaves applied at the recommended rate 40 ppm or lower; apparently, the predator was not affected when imidacloprid was applied as systemic insecticide [ ]. Secondary poisoning with neonicotinoids reduces or eliminates eventually all predatory ladybirds in the treated areas, compromising biological control in IPM programs.

Indeed, exposure of larval stages of Adalia bipunctata to imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid, and adult stages to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, significantly reduced all the demographic parameters in comparison with a control —except for the mean generation time—, thus resulting in a reduced coccinellid population; adult exposures produced a significant population delay [ ]. Low doses did not increase mortality but from days 3 to 8, lacewing larvae showed significant evidence of delayed developmental rate into pupae [ ].

Grafton-Cardwell and Wu [ ] demonstrated that IGRs, neonicotinoid insecticides, and pyrethroid insecticides have a significant, negative impact on vedalia beetles Rodolia cardinalis , which are essential to control scale pests in citrus; neonicotinoids were toxic to vedalia larvae feeding on cottony cushion scale that had ingested these insecticides, and survival of adult beetles was also affected but to a lesser extent than other insecticides.

Recent evidence of the negative impacts of neonicotinoids on parasitoids reinforces that these insecticides are not suitable for IPM [ ]. All neonicotinoids are deadly to three whitefly parasitoid species Eretmocerus spp. Thiamethoxam appears to be less toxic to whitefly parasitoids compared to imidacloprid [ ]. Imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and nitenpyram appeared to be the most toxic to the egg parasitoids Trichogramm a spp.

For example, the acute toxicity of thiomethoxam and imidacloprid to Trichogramma chilonis , an egg parasitoid of leaf folders widely used in cotton IPM, is about times higher than that of other insecticides used in rice crops in India, such as acephate or endosulfan [ ]. Acute toxicity of imidacloprid is more pronounced on Braconidae parasitoids than on T. Thiacloprid is as toxic to the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae as to its parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae , whereas pirimicarb and cypermethrin are more toxic to the aphid and are, therefore, preferred in IPM [ 3 ].

Neonicotinoids pose also risks to aquatic taxa. Other contaminants, such as the nonylphenol polyethoxylate R act also synergistically with imidacloprid [ 49 ].

Thiacloprid causes delayed lethal and sublethal effects in aquatic arthropods, which can be observed after 4 to 12 d following exposure to single h pulses [ 28 ]. Also, thiacloprid LC50 for survival of midges Chironomus riparius is only 1. Acute toxicity of neonicotinoids to red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is orders of magnitude lower than that of pyrethroids [ 23 ]; comparative data such as this gives the neonicotinoids an apparent better environmental profile.

Similarly, streams contaminated with a pulse of thiacloprid 0. Fipronil is very efficient in controlling locust outbreaks, but causes more hazards than chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin to non-target insects in the sprayed areas, although it is more selective to specific taxa [ , ].

Reducing the recommended application rates by seven times 0. Despite its selectivity, fipronil in maize crops reduced the abundance of arthropod populations of the soil mesofauna more significantly than other systemic insecticides, i.

When applied to citrus orchards, fipronil was among the most detrimental insecticides affecting two Euseius spp. In rice crops, the effectiveness of fipronil in controlling pests was overshadowed by its negative impact on the predatory miridbugs Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Tytthus parviceps [ ].

Of greater concern is the impact of this systemic chemical on honey bees and wild bee pollinators. With an acute contact LD50 of 3. Even more worrying is the finding that the adjuvant Sylgard, used to reduce the toxicity of most insecticidal products on bees, increases the toxic effects of fipronil [ ].

Residues of fipronil in pollen have been measured as 0. Unlike neonicotinoids, no residues of fipronil have been found in guttation drops [ ]. The acute toxicity of fipronil to cladocerans is similar to the toxicity to estuarine copepods, with h LC50 in the range 3. Such impacts on zooplankton are likely to occur in estuaries, where waters have been found to contain 0.

Fipronil sprays on water surfaces to control mosquito larvae have negative impacts not only on cladocerans but also on chironomid larvae exposed to chronic feeding on contaminated residues [ , ]. Studies on rice mesocosms have shown that significant population reductions due to fipronil application at the recommended rates 50 g per seedling box are not restricted to zooplankton and benthic species, but affect most species of aquatic insects.

Moreover, fipronil impacts on aquatic arthropods were more pronounced after a second application in the following year [ ], indicating persistence of this insecticide in rice paddies. Chronic toxicity over time explains the long-term toxicity of this systemic compound, so it is not surprising that concentrations of 1.

There is little information about the effect of systemic chitin inhibitors on non-target organisms. IGRs affect mainly the larval stages of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, and their activity last longer than that of other pest control products [ ]. The effectiveness of these compounds in controlling target pests is demonstrated by comparing the dietary LC50 of hexaflumuron 0. Aquatic communities of non-target arthropods in rice fields e.

Cladocera, Copepoda, Odonata, Notonectidae, Coleoptera and Chironomidae taxa were not affected by teflubenzuron applied at rates to control mosquitoes 5. After application of IGRs to a crop, affected insect pests are prey to many species of spiders, some of which are also susceptible to the toxicity of these products, in particular the ground hunter spiders [ ].

Larvae and eggs of pests contaminated with systemic IGR are consumed by a number of predators, including earwigs, which undergo secondary poisoning and stop growing beyond the nymph stage [ ]. Chitin inhibitors only show effects on the larvae of predatory insects that had consumed treated-prey, not on the adult insects. As a consequence, predatory populations collapse, as it happened with the ladybeetle Chilocorus nigritus that fed on citrus red scales Aonidiella aurantii in African orchards that had been treated with teflubenzuron [ ].

Teflubenzuron sprayed at Moreover, teflubenzuron has multigenerational impacts: experiments with springtails exposed to artificial soil contaminated with this IGR showed that the F2 generation suffered significantly from its effects even when only the F0 generation had been exposed for 10 days [ 42 ].

Secondary poisoning with chitin inhibitors can be detrimental also to parasitoids such as Diadegma semiclausum , which may fail to produce enough cocoons in the treated hosts, but do not seem to affect the parasitism of other Hymenoptera [ 98 ]. On the other hand, teflubenzuron appears to be harmless to predatory mites [ 32 ].

IPM programs must always consider the implications of using systemic chitin inhibitors to control specific pests without destroying their natural predators in the first place. Halofenozide does not appear to cause any acute, adverse effects through topical, residual, or dietary exposure of the ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanicus.

In contrast to the negative effects of other systemic insecticides i. Very often, sublethal effects of systemic insecticides are a first step towards mortality, as they are caused by the same neurotoxic mechanisms. Apart from these, there may be other effects on reproduction, growth, longevity, etc.

These effects are only observable in individuals that survive the initial exposure, or in species that are tolerant to insecticides. For a review see [ 69 ]. Longevity and survival of Aphidius ervi , an important parasitoid of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum , were significantly reduced after treating with LC25 concentrations of dimethoate or pirimicarb [ 11 ]. Unlike other insecticides, no behavioural effects of dimethoate or triazamate on honey bees were recorded [ 67 ].

Earthworms Lumbricus terrestris experienced significant reduction in growth rate and total protein content after soil applications of aldicarb at LC10 or LC25, but only small amounts of residues were detected in the worms [ ]. Aldicarb and phorate can also increase infections by Rhizoctonia stem canker in potato fields [ ]. The estimated LC50 was 9. Similarly, low doses of demeton—S-methyl did not affect starlings Sturnus vulgaris behaviour [ ], but doses of 2.

Carbofuran orally administered to pigeons Columba livia had profound effects on flight time, with pigeons falling off the pace of the flock when doses were between 0. AChE activities in adductor muscle were depressed in freshwater mussels Elliptio complanata exposed for 96 h at concentrations as low as 0.

Also, concentrations of carbofuran at half the LC50 dose for fathead minnow Pimephales promelas larvae caused reductions in swimming capacity, increased sensitivity to electric shocks, and a reduction in upper lethal temperature [ ].

Enzymes of protein and carbohydrate metabolism were altered some increased, others decreased in liver and muscle tissues of the freshwater fish, Clarias batrachus when exposed to 7. Exposure of guppies Brachydanio rerio to half the recommended dose for dimethoate 0.

When exposed to a range of monocrotophos concentrations 0. Eggs of the toad Bufo melanostictus exposed to acephate hatched normally, but the tadpoles exhibited deformities such as tail distortions and crooked trunk; decreased pigmentation, peeling of the skin, inactivity, delay in emergence of limbs and completion of metamorphosis were also apparent [ ].

Insecticide mixtures can enhance not only the acute but also the sublethal effects. For example, disulfoton together with endosulfan caused cytological and biochemical changes in liver of rainbow trout Oncorrhynchus mykiss , independently of their respective modes of action [ 13 ].

Similarly, laboratory rats exposed to sublethal mixtures of aldicarb, methomyl and a herbicide metribuzin showed learning impairment, immune response and endocrine changes [ ]. Laboratory experiments have shown a number of abnormalities such as less melanin pigmentation, wavy notochord, crooked trunk, fuzzy somites, neurogenesis defects and vasculature defects in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos exposed to a range of cartap concentrations.

It is obvious that essential enzymatic processes are disturbed during embryo development, among which the inhibition of lysyl oxidase is responsible for the notochord undulations observed. Imidacloprid does not cause high mortality among eggs or adults of the preparasite nematode Agamermis unka, but impairs the ability of the nematode to infect nymphs of the host brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens [ 50 ]. Contrary to this, a synergistic effect of imidacloprid on reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes against scarab grubs may increase the likelihood of infection by subsequent generations of nematodes, thereby improving their field persistence and biological potential to control grubs.

Acetamiprid and thiamethoxam, however, do not show synergist interactions with nematodes [ ]. Imidacloprid at 0. However, feeding rates by aquatic insects and earthworms were reduced, leaf decomposition mass loss was decreased, measurable weight losses occurred among earthworms, and aquatic and terrestrial microbial decomposition activity was significantly inhibited, thus reducing the natural decomposition processes in aquatic and terrestrial environments [ ].

The dispersal ability of the seven-spotted ladybirds Coccinella septempunctata sprayed with imidacloprid was compromised, and this may have critical consequences for biological control in IPM schemes [ 21 ].

Imidacloprid and fipronil had adverse effects on the immune response of the wolf-spider Pardosa pseudoannulata , reducing significantly its phenoloxidase activity, the total number of hemocytes and encapsulation rate [ ]; the implications of such effects on this natural enemy of rice pests are unknown. Longevity of females of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes that fed on nectar from imidacloprid-treated cotton was affected for at least 10 days after application, while the parasitoid's host foraging ability was severely affected from day 2 onwards [ ].

Bumble bees Bombus terrestris interrupt their activity for several hours when exposed to imidacloprid sprayed on plants [ ], and soil treatment at the highest recommended doses extended the handling times of B. Such an impairment affects the bees foraging behaviour and can result in a decreased pollination, lower reproduction and finally in colony mortality due to a lack of food [ ]. Although Franklin et al.

Contact exposure at 0. Suppression of the immune system is not restricted to bees, as a massive infection of medaka fish by a protozoan ectoparasite Trichodina spp. Imidacloprid residues in water as low as 0.

However, h pulses induced emergence because of stress, whereas constant exposure reduced survivorship progressively. Also, the aquatic worm Lumbriculus variegatus experienced immobility during 4 days when exposed to 0. It has also been demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of this insecticide as low as 0.

All these sublethal effects reduce the performance of the hive and help explain the decline in honey bee and wild bee pollinators in many countries [ ], although fipronil is not alone in causing this demise — neonicotinoids are equally implicated.

The only chick born was underdeveloped and had fiprole residues in the brain, liver and adipose tissues. By contrast, day-old chicken eggs injected with fipronil 5. Low residues of fipronil in estuary waters 0. Even lower residue levels 0. Females produced fewer eggs and their hatching was significantly suppressed, while 5th instars that also preyed on the beetles failed to moult into adults [ 62 ]. Indirect effects result from the dynamics of ecosystems. Thus, applications of granular phorate to soil eliminate most soil invertebrates see 4.

Resurgence or induction of pests by altering the prey-predator relationships in favour of the herbivore species is most common. When carbofuran was applied to corn plantations in Nicaragua, the population levels of the noctuid pest Spodoptera frugiperda increased because of lesser foraging activity by predatory ants [ ].

Methomyl eliminated the phytoseiid predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis for 10 days, thus causing an increase in Pacific spider mites Tetranychus pacificus and leafhopper Eotetranychus willamettei populations in the treated vineyards [ ].

Unexpected outbreaks of a formerly innocuous herbivore mite Tetranychus schoenei were observed after imidacloprid applications to elms in Central Park, New York. On the plus side, water soluble pesticides may be absorbed more easily into a plant, since plants are largely made of water and the sap is mostly water.

Pesticides that can be applied to the soil beneath a plant and transported in the xylem sap tissue can reach pests that are otherwise hard to kill. These insects do take in lots of plant sap during feeding, however, so a pesticide in the sap can be easily ingested by the pest. When systemic pesticides are applied to the soil, beneficial insects, birds and even pets and people are much less likely to encounter the pesticide in the form of residues or spray drift.

The treatment of some trees for example the big oak over the swimming pool would be difficult to do safely without a systemic pesticide option.

You should be especially careful when using systemics if you have a shallow water table under sandy soils, or if you are applying the product near streams, lakes or water features. As with all pesticides, it is important to read and follow the label of a systemic pesticide carefully at the time of purchase, before use, and before discarding any leftover containers or product. You must be logged in to post a comment. Delivered by FeedBurner.